Global Economy Sources and Further Reading, Part 2 of 2: where the research comes from

About this page

Every claim in Global Economy traces back to a primary source: regulators, central banks, standard-setters and the statutes themselves. This page collects those references, grouped by topic, so you can check any figure or rule at its origin.

If you are studying, writing or building a model, start here. The links point to government and standard-setter pages that change rarely, so they stay useful for years. Each entry says what the source supports, so you can go straight to the one you need.

A sample of the sources (98 entries on the full page)

Investment Company Institute, 2026 Investment Company Fact Book — US fund assets, households, expense ratios, index fund share, ETF flows and trading share, year-end 2025 (4.9)

Sushko and Turner, BIS Quarterly Review, March 2018 — Index inclusion effects; bond index weights toward leveraged issuers (4.9)

SEBI, ICDR Regulations 2018 (as amended March 2026) — Regulation 6(2) 75%/10% and Regulation 32 allocation (4.6, 4.9)

AMFI, Average Market Capitalization of listed companies, six months ended December 31, 2025 — 100th company ₹1,05,174 crore, 250th ₹34,758 crore; top five; TCS ₹11.3 lakh crore (5.2, 6.2, India Lens)

GICS consultation 2026 (MSCI and S&P DJI, July 17, 2026) — Proposals open to October 30, 2026; decision November 2026; nothing adopted (6.1 edge cases)

Amazon.com Form 10-K for 2024 — Server useful life 5→6 years (2024, −$3.2B D&A) and subset back to 5 years from Jan 2025; Anthropic notes $1.25B+$2.75B+$1.3B+$2.7B (7.3)

Stanford HAI, AI Index Report 2026 — 53% population adoption within three years; TSMC fabricates almost every leading AI chip; TSMC US operations 2025 (7.1, 7.4)

Goldman Sachs Research, Generative AI could raise global GDP by 7% (Apr 5, 2023) — 7% / ~$7T GDP; +1.5 pp productivity growth over ten years (7.8)

IEA, Energy and AI: Executive Summary (2025) — 415 TWh (~1.5%) in 2024; ~945 TWh by 2030 Base Case; US data centers nearly half of US demand growth (7.8)

OpenAI, Announcing The Stargate Project (January 21, 2025) — Stated plan to invest $500 billion over four years

FCA Handbook, CASS 7.15 — Daily client money reconciliation and same-day shortfall payment (8.3, 8.5)

New York Fed, EFFR — Effective federal funds rate, Sept 16-17, 2026 (Section 8.8; Part 12)

World Bank, Total reserves (US$) — Reserves of Korea, Thailand, Indonesia, India, China, 1996-2025 (9.7, India Lens)

World Bank, Ghana overview — 2022 crisis, debt 92.4% of GDP, restructuring status February 2026 (9.7)

Nikkei Indexes, Historical Data — Nikkei 225 closes February 22, 2024, and October 2, 2026 (9.2)

ECB, Bulgaria and the euro — Bulgaria joined January 1, 2026 (9.3)

RBI: Monetary Policy Framework (inflation target, MPC, LAF corridor, WACR) — Target 4% (2%-6%) renewed March 25, 2026, for 2026-31; six-member MPC; SDF/MSF at repo -/+ 25 bp; WACR as operating target; failure definition

Union Budget 1991-92: Budget Speech, July 24, 1991 — Reserves about Rs 2,500 crore, import cover two weeks; exchange-rate adjustments of July 1 and 3; Victor Hugo quotation

World Bank: personal remittances received (BX.TRF.PWKR.CD.DT), India — India $150.7B (2025), $137.7B (2024), $83.1B (2020), $83.3B (2019); low- and middle-income $654.2B (2024)

UN Statistics Division: SDG target 10.c — Under 3% transaction cost by 2030; no corridor above 5%

NSE Clearing — CCP, novation, core SGF over ₹12,000 crore (11.1, India Lens)

FCA Handbook, SYSC 24.2 — Prescribed responsibility for CASS compliance (11.3)

SEC, FTX charges — Alleged diversion of customer funds to Alameda (11.3)

FHFA, Conservatorship — Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in conservatorship since Sept 6, 2008 (11.5)

Bank of England, Money creation in the modern economy (Quarterly Bulletin 2014 Q1) — Loans create deposits; repayment destroys money.

Good to know

Why primary sources matter: a summary, including this one, can lag the rule or dataset it describes. A regulator’s rule text, a central bank’s data release or a standard-setter’s publication is the authoritative record, and it shows the exact definition, date and scope behind a number. When two summaries disagree, the primary source settles it.